Microsoft does only allow to change the system language of Windows for Windows 7 Enterprise and Ultimate via the GUI. If you would like to change the language in Windows 7 Home and Professional you need to do that manually as described below (as a sample I describe how to change the language from English to German):
exe2cab <filename of your downloaded exe file> lp.cab dism /online /add-package /packagepath:lp.cab bcdedit /set {current} locale de-DE bcdboot %WinDir% /l de-DE
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HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\MUI\UILanguages\en-US
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If you would like to change your language to or from another language you need to adapt the locale strings (like “de-DE” and “en-US” etc.) accordingly. A list of all strings can be found here.
Thank you to Tobias Hartmann!